蒙自喀斯特断陷盆地边坡与盆缘的露石差异性     

蒋若涵  沈有信  赵志猛 《山地学报》2020,38(1):42-49

喀斯特露石常常占据一定比例的地表面积,且具有许多已知或未知的水文—生态功能,对于喀斯特地区的植被恢复和环境改善发挥着重要的作用。本实验运用样线法和拍照法识别喀斯特断陷盆地不同位置(盆缘和盆地边坡)露石的数量特征和外部形态特征,同时比较了两种方法测量样地岩石裸露率的精准度。结果发现:盆地边坡与盆缘的露石数量和外部特征存在显著差异,盆缘露石分布密度(0.54个·m-2)>盆地边坡(0.39个·m-2);但盆地边坡露石的长宽比大于盆缘,单体占地面积为盆缘露石的两倍,接近40%的盆地边坡露石与山体等高线平行。样线法和拍照法测量样地岩石裸露率的结果存有差异,但并不显著,且这种差异呈现出随着岩石裸露率的增加而逐渐增加的趋势,拍照测量结果具有较小的变异系数。这些结果说明了研究区露石具有较强的空间异质性,对解释地表水土运移规律和植物分布提供重要参考。拍照法能准确地测量岩石裸露率,并提供露石外部形态特征的精准数据,可以作为喀斯特样地露石调查的新方法加以推广。  相似文献   

Correspondence between the large volcanic eruptions and ENSO events over AD 1525–2000     

Fang  Xiuqi  Zheng  Xue  Zhang  Xing 《地理学报(英文版)》2020,30(1):103-118

ENSO is an interannual mode which may be affected by external forcing, such as volcanic eruptions. Based on the reconstructed volcanic eruptions chronology and ENSO sequences, both 195 large volcanic eruptions(VEI≥4) and 398 ENSO(El Ni?o and La Ni?a) events were extracted from 1525 to 2000. An analysis of the correspondence between the large volcanic eruptions and ENSO events was performed by matching the large volcanic eruptions with the types and magnitudes of ENSO events present in the 0–2 years after the eruptions. The results show the following:(1) The percentages of ENSO events within the 3 years after the large eruptions had increased to 68.3% from 31.7% compared with those with no-eruptions in the previous 0–2 years. In addition, the ratio of El Ni?o to La Ni?a events turned from 2:3 to 1:1, and more El Ni?o events occurred in the 0 year after eruptions in the low-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics but more La Ni?a events occurred in the 0 year after in the high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.(2) After the eruptions, the weak(W) El Ni?o events had increased by 8 percentage points and the very strong(VS) El Ni?o events had decreased by 10 percentage points; conversely, there was a decrease by 15 percentage points of the weak La Ni?a events and an increase by 11.4 percentage points of the very strong La Ni?a events. Specifically, the percentages of strong La Ni?a events increased to a peak at 1(+1) year after the eruptions.(3) The percentage of eruptions followed by single-year ENSO was the greatest. The percentage of ENSO events that occurred in the consecutive 2 years following an eruption was approximately equal to the percentage of events that occurred consecutively 3 years following an eruption, and both sets of ENSO magnitudes showed a decreasing trend.  相似文献   

Model tests on XCC-piled embankment under dynamic train load of high-speed railways     

Tingting Niu  Hanlong Liu  Xuanming Ding  Changjie Zheng 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2018,17(3):581-594

Piled embankments, which offer many advantages, are increasingly popular in construction of high-speed railways in China. Although the performance of piled embankment under static loading is well-known, the behavior under the dynamic train load of a high-speed railway is not yet understood. In light of this, a heavily instrumented piled embankment model was set up, and a model test was carried out, in which a servo-hydraulic actuator outputting M-shaped waves was adopted to simulate the process of a running train. Earth pressure, settlement, strain in the geogrid and pile and excess pore water pressure were measured. The results show that the soil arching height under the dynamic train load of a high-speed railway is shorter than under static loading. The growth trend for accumulated settlement slowed down after long-term vibration although there was still a tendency for it to increase. Accumulated geogrid strain has an increasing tendency after long-term vibration. The closer the embankment edge, the greater the geogrid strain over the subsoil. Strains in the pile were smaller under dynamic train loads, and their distribution was different from that under static loading. At the same elevation, excess pore water pressure under the track slab was greater than that under the embankment shoulder.  相似文献   

Seismic imaging of the middle and upper crust by double-difference tomography: the Haicheng earthquake (Ms 7.3) in Liaoning Province     

Que Zheng  Cai Liu  You Tian  Hong-Xiang Zhu 《应用地球物理》2018,15(1):125-136

The Haicheng earthquake (Ms 7.3) occurred in Liaoning Province (39°N–43°N, 120°E–126°E ), China on February 4, 1975. The mortality rate was only 0.02% owing to the first timely and accurate prediction, although the area affected by the earthquake was 9200 km² and covered cities with a population density of 1000 p/km². In this study, the doubledifference (DD) tomography method was used to obtain high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) P- and S-wave velocity (Vp and Vs) structures and Vp/Vs as well as the earthquake locations. Tomography results suggest that velocity structure at shallow depth coincides well with topography and sediment thickness. The earthquake locations form a northwest-striking zone associated with the Jinzhou(JZ) Fault and a northeast-striking zone associated with the Haichenghe-Dayanghe (HD) Fault, and suggest that the JZ Fault consists of three faults and the Ms 7.3 Haicheng earthquake originated at the intersection of the JZ and the Faults. Lowvelocity zones (LVZs) with low Vp/Vs are observed at 15–20 km depth beneath the Haicheng (HC) region. We interpret the LVZs in the middle crust as regions of fluids, suggesting rock dehydration at high temperatures. The LVZs and low Vp/Vs in the upper crust are attributed to groundwater-filled cracks and pores. We believe that large crustal earthquakes in this area are caused by the combination of faulting and fluid movement in the middle crust.  相似文献   

Environmental changes in the north‐east Sunda region over the last 40 000 years     

Chuanxiu Luo  Simon Haberle  Zhuo Zheng  Rong Xiang  Chixin Chen  Gang Lin  Kumar Sazal 《第四纪科学杂志》2019,34(3):245-257

  相似文献   

渤海湾表层沉积物元素地球化学分布特征与影响因素     

张连杰  朱龙海  张盼  赵博  王鹏 《海洋科学》2019,43(6):78-87

对取自渤海湾的307个表层沉积物进行了元素测试和粒度分析。渤海湾表层沉积物的常微量元素呈现4种组合:富集于粗粒沉积区的SiO_2、Na_2O亲碎屑元素组合;富集于细粒沉积区的以Al_2O_3和重金属元素为代表的亲黏土元素组合;与缺氧环境有关的MnO、V、TOC元素组合和与河流输入有关的陆源CaO、TiO_2元素组合。粒度粗细主导了渤海湾元素含量分布的整体格局;海域河流物源供应不同较大影响了渤海湾南部(富Na_2O、CaO和SiO_2)和北部(富Ba和P_2O_5)在元素含量上的差异;高流速潮流对海底的冲刷再分配导致曹妃甸南侧Sr、Ca元素的条带状富集异常;有机质在细粒沉积区的富集导致缺氧环境的形成和K_2O、Mn、V、自生黄铁矿的海洋自生化学沉积;人类活动导致以Pb为代表的重金属污染在河流入海口、港口及沿岸海域的元素分布异常;曹妃甸沙坝内侧的泻湖(海洋钙质生物沉积)与沙坝外侧水下岸坡(陆源碎屑沉积)的截然不同的物源,导致了独特地貌沉积环境下元素分布的局部差异。  相似文献   

利用GLAS激光测高数据评估DSM产品质量及精度优化   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

胡柳茹  唐新明  李国元  付冬暇  窦显辉  赵世湖 《测绘通报》2019,(11):39-43

提出了一种利用卫星激光测高数据直接优化提升数字表面模型（DSM）产品精度的方法。选取境外中亚地区的资源三号DSM开展试验，通过采用多准则约束方法提取激光高程控制点，分别利用偏度、中值、线性、二次多项式等进行DSM误差修正，发现4种模型均能有效消除DSM系统误差，其中基于二次多项式的方法更适用于平地和丘陵地貌，线性模型更适用于高山地貌。试验验证了采用卫星激光测高数据优化境外DSM技术流程的可行性，最终可提高DSM的绝对高程精度。  相似文献   

阜阳市浅层地下水总硬度近年变化特征     

赵晓玲  朱玲玲 《地下水》2020,(1):46-47,146

阜阳是安徽省人口最多的市,工农业生产主要取用地下水,总硬度是该市浅层地下水主要超标组分之一。近5年来,该市浅层地下水总硬度平均值呈现缓慢增高的趋势,标准差亦在缓慢增加,近两年总硬度数值间差异明显增大。利用spss软件,分析近年浅层地下水的pH、TDS、总碱度、氯化物与总硬度的相关关系,结果可知:pH、TDS、总碱度、氯化物与总硬度都存在极显著的线性相关关系,其中,仅有pH与总硬度是负相关,其余均为正相关关系,总碱度与总硬度为低度线性相关,TDS、氯化物与总硬度呈中度线性相关。结合阜阳市浅层地下水的埋藏条件、补给来源、监测井的地理位置和地下水开采历史,得出该市浅层地下水总硬度升高主要与人为污染和地下水超采有关,外来的污染物来源主要是农业污染和生活污染。  相似文献   

云南曲靖刘家冲剖面关底组中的鱼类微体化石及其地层学意义     

王建华  赵文金  朱敏  李强  蔡家琛  张娜  彭礼健  罗彦超 《地学前缘》2020,27(6):329-340

云南曲靖地区的关底组产出世界闻名的潇湘脊椎动物群(Xiaoxiang Vertebate Fauna),但其地层的划分对比和时代归属一直存有争议,特别是其下部地层的划分及时代归属争议最大。通过在曲靖城南以关底组下段地层为主的刘家冲剖面上开展详细的野外及室内地层古生物学研究工作,文章厘清了该剖面上的志留纪地层,并依据采自数个层位样品中丰富的鱼类微体化石材料探讨了关底组下部的地质时代。研究结果表明:刘家冲剖面上出露的志留纪地层根据岩性变化特征可划分为关底组Ⅰ段(岳家山段)、Ⅱ段(崇家湾段)和Ⅲ段(彩莲段);Ⅰ段的下部以浅黄色、浅黄绿色含砾粉砂质泥岩、钙质粉砂岩为主,未见化石,而上部以深灰色、灰黑色页岩为主,含少量腕足类Lingula sp.及双壳类;Ⅱ段则以灰绿色、暗紫红色页岩互层、并夹薄层状灰岩为主,从下往上灰岩夹层逐渐增多,含丰富的腕足类、海百合茎等无脊椎动物化石及鱼类微体化石;在关底组Ⅲ段地层中首次发现的鱼类微体化石多样性高,门类比较齐全,包括无颌类、盾皮鱼类、棘鱼类和硬骨鱼类四大早期脊椎动物类群,从鱼群组成面貌上看隶属于潇湘脊椎动物群扬子鱼类组合(Yangtze Fish Assemblage)。笔者主要依据对其中棘鱼类的全球对比分析研究,并在结合牙形类等无脊椎动物化石研究进展及新认识的基础上,深入探讨了关底组下部Ⅰ段及Ⅱ段的地质时代。关底组Ⅱ段的时代应为志留纪罗德洛世高斯特晚期(late Gorstian, Ludlow),关底组Ⅰ段含砾岩层之上、含盾皮鱼类“王氏鱼”(Wangolepis)的地层,则应归入罗德洛世高斯特早期(early Gorstian, Ludlow),而在该剖面上尚未发现鱼类化石的关底组Ⅰ段下部,目前还不能确定全部归入高斯特阶(Gorstian),有可能会下延到温洛克统(Wenlock)之中。文章中相关工作的开展,不仅为中国志留纪生物地层的精深研究提供了古鱼类学方面的可靠证据,而且为探讨早期脊椎动物演化提供了新的地质年代意见。  相似文献   

山西省大同市新荣区石墨矿岩石矿物地球化学特征与成因     

梁钰琦  赵永  吴光存  张越  夏庆霖 《地球学报》2020,41(6):827-834

山西省大同市新荣区石墨矿带总体呈北东—南西向展布, 长约22 km, 赋矿层位为中下太古界右所堡组, 岩性为含石墨黑云斜长片麻岩。目前该矿带上已有7个勘查区, 累计查明晶质石墨矿物资源量约 5000万吨, 但对其矿床成因类型研究相对较少。本文收集整理和分析总结了区域内地质资料及化验分析结果, 采用变质岩原岩恢复的四种方法确定该矿带的成因: 从石墨矿带的矿体产状和岩石组合、岩相学和矿物学特征定性判断该矿带矿床为沉积岩区域深变质成矿类型; 矿体样品地球化学微量元素比值(Sr:Ba等)符合副变质岩特征; 稀土元素配分曲线及其研究表明矿体及围岩具有沉积岩变质特征; 以TiO2-F图解、[(al+fm)–(c+alk)]/Si图解以及(al-alk):c图解展示的岩石化学特征半定量地确认新荣区石墨矿带矿床为以黏土岩为主的区域变质成矿。新荣区石墨矿带成因类型的确定填补了该区域矿床成因类型研究的空白, 为下一步地质找矿及建模提供了重要依据; 三种图解相结合, 逐步缩小原岩范围, 锁定原岩类型, 为变质岩原岩恢复及矿床成因研究提供了新的思路和判别方法。  相似文献